Agrippina Influence - 1557 Words

Agrippina the Younger had four main factors that highly influenced her power before her marriage to Claudius. She was born into the Julio-Claudian bloodline making her an Imperial woman of a noble dynasty, she was as a result of her family background reasonably wealthy and educated, she had the backing of the Roman Army as her father Germanicus was the commander of the 5th legion of the army in Germany and finally her two marriages which provided her with wealth and a son to be heir of the throne. The Julio-Claudian dynasty ran strong before and after the birth of Agrippina. She was born into power in 15 AD. She was a direct descendant of respected Augustus and was the daughter of the most popular couple in Rome, Germanicus and Agrippina†¦show more content†¦Tacitus as a main example writes about Agrippina the Younger in his â€Å"Annals† in such a way that it portrays to us a powerfully negative image of a power thirsty mother figure. Tacitus himself was a Roman historian and senator who disliked the Julio-Claudian dynasty, mostly its women because of the individuality and power they held. Tacitus holds Agrippina the younger responsible for the falling of the dynasty due to Nero’s character. He believes her influence was a negative one, she was only after power for herself and went about getting it by exploiting her son and entering into false marriages. â€Å"In public, Agrippina was austere and often arrogant. Her private life was chaste-unless power was to be gained. Her passion to acquire money was unbounded. She wanted it as a stepping stone to supremacy† (Tacitus, 7.5-7, Annals) It must be taken into account the criticism towards Agrippina the Younger is most possibly due to his own morals and opinions. In that time of Roman history women did not have many rights under law and were viewed as inferior so Tacitus may be sexist when writing these accounts of Agrippina. She was a powerful woman who posed threats to many people. Tacitus also was born in AD 55 meaning that he was only an infant when Agrippina the younger died, these accounts are not eye witness they are recreated and therefore are not completely reliable. Modern historians however seem more understanding of Agrippina’s situation and lookShow MoreRelatedEvaluate the Significance of Agrippinas Marriages in Her Rise to Prominence.1134 Words   |  5 PagesAgrippina the Younger’s three marriages were significant in her rise to prominence as they all served her political advancement; protection from enemies, fortune and eventually, power in politics. Her first marriage was to Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man seventeen years her senior, described as a â€Å"wholly despicable character† (Suetonius). Her second marriage was to Gaius Sallustius Passienus Crispus, cut short by his death, but gaining her immense fortune. Her third and final marriage was to herRead MoreJulia Agrippin An Impeccable Pedigree1444 Words   |  6 PagesJulia Agrippina, more commonly known as Agrippina the Younger, had an impeccable pedigree, along with great ambition that helped her dominate the political world of her time. She was born into a Julio-Claudian family background that shaped and influenced the woman Agrippina the Younger became. Throughout her life her actions and ambitions were heavily critiqued as they went against the social norms and expected role of women of her time. Motivation: Agrippina the Younger found inspiration and motivationRead MoreAgrippina the Younger Essay3935 Words   |  16 PagesPersonality Agrippina The Younger Historical Context Roman Social and political structures Imperial Family Emperor From the time of Augustus, exercised total control over * Political * Military * Economic * Religious affairs Family Members of the Juio-Claudian family enjoyed considerable power and influence Upper Classes Consular Came from noble families – senators who had achieved office of consul and were respected because of their experience and authorityRead MoreJames Romm s Dying Every Day : Seneca At The Court Of Nero1381 Words   |  6 Pagesinto a single coherent story of Seneca’s time as one of Nero’s subjects and teachers. It would be impossible to talk about Seneca without also explaining the life of the emperor Nero. Seneca was brought out of exile back to Rome by Nero’s mother Agrippina specifically to tutor her son Nero. After a complicated series of incestual marriages, assassinations, and false accusations intended to manipulate the Senate, Nero ascends to the throne at the young age of 17. During his reign, he has his brotherRead MoreThe Roman Republic1412 Words   |  6 PagesLindi Ingram Professor Salzman February 26, 2016 As a descendent of the deified Emperor Augustus, Agrippina was born into a powerful and respected family. She exploited this power, obtaining a level of influence over her husband and son that was only available to ambitious, imperial men. Her use of manipulation and violence has led ancient writers, such as Tacitus, to describe her political career as inappropriate and excessive. But I will argue against these views. On the contrary, I will showRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Roman Empire1299 Words   |  6 Pagesgood example of this is the life of Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero. She was previously married to the emperor of Rome, Claudius. This is similar to the situation of Boudicea, but the difference lies when the powerful husband perishes. We know that in Boudicea’s case, she’s allowed by the people to take power, but Agrippina was not so lucky. The leadership role had passed from her husband, right over her, and down to her son Nero. Due to this , Agrippina had to look to other ways of gainingRead MoreAgrippina Strengths And Weaknesses996 Words   |  4 Pagesdown by the very traits that had enabled her to achieve positions of power. Agrippina was able to become one of the most significant women of the Ancient Roman World, but at the same time she was considered manipulative, and was despised by many, including eventually her son - the Emperor Nero, who had her killed in the year 59 CE. Despite holding no official political status, and being limited by her gender, Agrippina reached unprecedented heights and helped stabilise the Claudius Regime, demonstratingRead MoreTacitus s Influence On The Roman Empire2166 Words   |  9 PagesTacitus talks about the influence of Agrippina the younger as a sign of weakness of the principate representing Claudius and Nero as her pawn. Her position of power as a female to this day is unmatched; known as the granddaughter, daughter, sister, wife, and mother of men. ( Tacitus) Agrippina , an Imperial woman of the Julio-Claudian bloodline a female Caesar lived through all five of the Julio-Claudian emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Agrippina the younger roles in theRead MoreSummary : Claudius Drusus Germanicus 1716 Words   |  7 PagesLizzy Davis Shuler September 29, 2015 Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus AD 15 - AD 68 Nero was born on December 15, 37 ADto Cnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina and was named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. His father came from a well known patrician family (with a relative who had been consul in 192 BC) and his mother was the youngest daughter of Germanicus. He was taught from a young age by the Seneca and studied the typical Greek, philosophy and rhetoric of that age (Morgan 13). Clearly bornRead MoreAgrippina’s Relationship with Other Members of the Imperial Court2158 Words   |  9 PagesAncient Assessment – Agrippina – by Sophie Mulley Describe Agrippina’s relationship with other members of the imperial court. (10 MARKS) â€Å"Agrippina was a formidable adversary. She had political allies at all levels, acquired during Claudius’ reign, and she knew how to exploit her Augustan lineage and descent from Germanicus to the full.† – Griffin Agrippina the younger is recognized as one of the most ambitious women in history who encompasses a great desire for power, wealth and supremacy

“How can we understand the world in which we find...

â€Å"How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves?† In The Grand Design, a 2010 book written by theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, two authors claim that they have found a philosophical approach – Model Dependent Realism (MDR) – as the solution to this fundamental question of philosophy. Combining the ideas raised from methodology of mathematics and Physics, MDR leads a possible path to reconcile the uncertain nature of modern science and the idealistic pursuit of absolute truth – perhaps the theory of everything (TOE). According to Hawking and Leonard, Model Dependent Realism â€Å"is based on the idea that our brains interpret the input from our sensory organs by making a model of the world. When such a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"According to the traditional conception of the universe, objects move on well-defined paths and have definite histories,† Hawking writes, â€Å"We can specify their preci se position at each moment in time.† The advent of modern physics, however, suggests that although such model explains everyday observations, it fails to account for the behaviors of particles in a subatomic level. One of the most famous is the Observer’s Effect, according to which one can never determine a photon’s path and detect its existence at the same time, because while detecting its existence one has to collide it with another particle and thus making it go to a certain direction. Therefore, when not detected, a light beam behaves like a wave that goes to numerous possible paths simultaneously – the light is at the same time going through path A and non-path A. As the pluralistic view of MDR generates a freedom in explaining the reality, it also makes it difficult for one to decide which model to choose. If several models of a set of events are offered, one may ask, then what makes a more preferable model? According to Hawking, there are three keys for a good model: 1. Occam ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Razor 2. Comprehensiveness 3. Preciseness and specificity Occam’s Razor means refers to simplicity when applied to qualitative principles. For instance, as one looks at a pen, close his eyes, opens it again, and he sees the pen again, Occam’s Razor makes it moreShow MoreRelatedBiblical And Theological Basis Of A Transformational Leadership Certification5231 Words   |  21 Pageseffectiveness regardless of the risk of resistance to change. Jesus taught this concept, when he said, Now John’s disciples and the Pharisees were fasting. Some people came and asked Jesus, â€Å"How is it that John’s disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees are fasting, but yours are not?† Jesus answered, â€Å"How can the guests of the bridegroom fast while he is with them? They cannot, so long as they have him with them. But the time will come when the bridegroom will be taken from them, and on that dayRead MoreOld Age Homes5527 Words   |  23 Pagesknow no one will ask for them. The wrinkles on their faces are as pronounced as the pains of being discarded. The bitter realization that we are all dispensable comes into focus. They are nearing the ends of their lives with unfinished dreams and many unanswered questions. In Dhakas largest old-age home, BOSHIPUK, the residents ask this question everyday: how after a lifetime of striving to establish individual ownership and entitlement, they are now fumbling to cope with this new involuntary communalRead MoreBiography of Kishore Biyani11159 Words   |  45 Pagesbased in Mumbai. 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Exports from Tasmania-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Prepare a briefing note outlining 5 Countries that might benefit from Tasmania's value added products. Consider only countries that have highest value Imports that are in Demand. Answer: Introduction Most successful nations depend on their economy to maintain their status or move to a higher standard of power. Tasmania, the world's 26th largest island, can balance its trade activities across the globe regardless of it being an island. Goods and services from Tasmania are valued more than its imports. The major constituents of the exports are from mining, tourism and agricultural sector (Dpac.tas.gov.au, 2012). There is hope for the former Van Diemens Land economic plan of self-fulfilment in accordance of its officials and residents. Topic China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and Vietnam are the primary receivers of Tasmanias supplies. China and Japan are among the top five rank of highest global importers (Dillinger, 2017). Despite the fact that the US, Germany and the UK also lead in global imports, they are of no much importance to Tasmanias export earnings (Michael Hennigan, 2017). Diversification and value addition in trade has enabled Tasmania to do good business with its partners (Organization for Economic Co-operation and development, 2017). China is a more-developed country owning 14.9% of shares in the European Union goods exchange following the United States at 17.7% (Dillinger, 2017). It imports $1,960.29 billion USD (Dillinger, 2017). This trade involves more than 1 billion daily. Economic changes allowed China to be the largest in purchasing power parity with an average income per capita of 17,632 since 2014. Thus its economic expansion might be maintained between 2% and 6.5% as time goes by (Will the shift in global economic power continue? 2017). Many challenges affect chinas success in business. There might be a decrease in labour productivity. Either ratings for convergence or the average income per capita investment can reduce. The government is prone to such dangers that interfere with technology and economy. Tasmania supplies goods like aluminum (415 A$ million), zinc (571 A$ million), ores and concentrates of iron (238 A$ million) and copper (55 A$ million) to its partners. China exports other goods includi ng 22 A$ million for vehicles, 17 A$ million for machinery and 20 A$ million for animal products to buyers including Tasmania. Such relationship has built a mutual benefit between the two countries. World Trade Organization (WTO) acknowledges the membership of China since 2001. The main problems in dealings with China include mistrust, discrimination against outside companies, insufficient funding from the government and insecurity. As a result, delays in some business activities occur in the country. On the other hand, population growth and massive firms form a basis of prosperity (Will the shift in global economic power continue? 2017). More than a billion people are living in China today. About 8,004 Chinese, 5% of the total number of tourists, travelled into Tasmania by the end of the year 2011. Taiwan, a developing country, has above 60% of the average income per capita (Will the shift in global economic power continue? 2017). The GDP increased to 529 USD in 2016 (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). Its exports are mostly minerals to Australia while importing animal products from the same partner (Dpac.tas.gov.au, 2012). Tasmania has 9.6% of export shares in Taiwan (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). Tasmanian Quality Meats and Australian Honey Products received an award from Tasmanian Export Award in 2013/2015 and 2016 respectively due to this partnership. Formosa Plastics Groups is one of the essential companies contributing to Australia. About A$1.3 billion rises during this exchange (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). Poor infrastructure and financing are significant crises for the business. However, the government of Taiwan provides a more secure environment for trade primarily in agricultural production which is valued by the Worl d Trade Organization at a moderate tariff of 22.1 %. With 23.5 million people (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017), Taiwan is capable of participating in major profitable businesses (Trademinister.gov.au, 2017). Required support from the both Australian and Taiwans officials has allowed this partnership to last longer (Dpac.tas.gov.au, 2012). If this goes on as planned, the future is in their favour. Among the industrialising nations, Malaysia produces more natural resources than any other material making a development rate of 5.7% (World Bank, 2017). The Malaysia-Australia Free Trade Agreement stirred up many activities since 1 January 2013. Tasmania owns 9.4 percent of the total supply shares in Malaysia worth 249 Australian dollars. Its dominance in the country (81% of exports) earned it 218 million dollars in one year from 2010. Minerals ($148 million) are at the core of this exchange. Effects from challenges like poverty are not severe in the country with not more than 1 percent most poor conditions enabling the state to trade fairly. Its administration succeeded in lessening cases of poverty (Trademinister.gov.au, 2017). For the past two and half decades, Malaysia has competed poorly in product development (World Bank, 2017). Under the rule of The United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Malaysia retains its position in trade having 25.8% of the total output and 28% of t he personal income tax charge (Heritage.org, 2017). The mean used rate of tariff is 4.4% (Heritage.org, 2017). Japan is also one of the more-developed countries. Since 1960, it has indicated progress in economic balance despite its less production of raw materials (Dillinger, 2017). The average per capita income for Japan is maintained at about 2% to 4% from 1980. During the 1990s, Japan was an immature creditor country rated at nominal GDP of 22.9 percent in net external assets, 2.6% of capital and financial account and 2.4% in the current report (European Central Bank, 2017). Employment in Japan is favourable. But only those with more work experience and women enjoy their increased savings. During World War 2, Japan suffered a significant loss in its economy following the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that caused a reduction in population. This was turned around by the increase in capital equipment ratio per employee. In 2011, out of 149,794 visitors to Tasmania, 4,875 were from Japan. Japan imported 3.1% of Tasmanias Trouts, and chars sorted in 2008. If the government of Japan allows b etter trading activities, its economy will be sustained for longer, or it might improve. Japans imports cost a total of about 822.25 billion dollars. Tasmania is one of the major contributors to the Japanese economy (Utas.edu.au, 2017). Vietnam happens to be a less-developed country among the top 100 significant suppliers and most complex economies. It maintained its economy at 15.8 billion dollars with a total supply of 193 billion dollars and $6.03 thousand per capita in 2015. Today, the mean GDP in US dollars for Vietnam is rated 7.4 percent with $188 billion USD (Will the shift in global economic power continue? 2017). Electronic materials worth 48.39 billion dollars are at the peak of Vietnams exchange activities while imports cost $21.8 billion. The top supplies go to America, China, Japan, South Korea and Germany while it imports major resources from China, South Korea, Japan and Thailand. Tasmania is privileged to invest global learning in the country (Dpac.tas.gov.au, 2012). Vietnam is the fourth biggest partner of Tasmania in exchange of goods and services. Its population increases at a rate of 0.3% with a moderate per capita income of 5 percent each year enabling easy marketing (Will the shift in global e conomic power continue? 2017). A prediction indicates that Vietnams average workers will be below 0.5% (Will the shift in global economic power continue? 2017). Conclusion A country with diverse and quality products can sustain any market even in hard times. Necessary resources are in high demand all across the globe. A cycle of Mutual dependency between nations helps in accessing the required products and gaining their profits. The whole world is ready to venture on a business journey with Tasmania since the revelation of its potential (Dpac.tas.gov.au, 2012). References Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017). Taiwan country brief. [online] Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/pages/taiwan-country-brief.aspx [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Dillinger, J. (2017). The World's Leading Import Countries. [online] WorldAtlas. Available at: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-the-exports-go-the-world-s-leading-import-countries.html [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. Dpac.tas.gov.au. (2012). TASMANIAS PLACE IN THE ASIAN CENTURY ISSUES PAPER. [online] Available at: https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/policy/asian_century?a=171448 [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. European Central Bank. (2017). The growing importance of emerging economies in the globalised world and its implications for the international financial architecture. [online] Available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2007/html/sp071126_1.en.html [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. Heritage.org. (2017). Malaysia Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. [online] Available at: https://www.heritage.org/index/country/malaysia [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Michael Hennigan, F. (2017). Germany's record trade surplus in 2015; US, UK, France in deficit. [online] Finfacts.ie. Available at: https://www.finfacts.ie/Irish_finance_news/articleDetail.php?Germany-s-record-trade-surplus-in-2015-US-UK-France-in-deficit-520 [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO -OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. (2017). NNOVATION AND GROWTH: RATIONALE FOR AN INNOVATION STRATEGY. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/39374789.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. Trademinister.gov.au. (2017). Australia and Malaysia: Trading Together - Speech from from the Australian Minister for Trade. [online] Available at: https://trademinister.gov.au/speeches/2002/020729_mvt_malaysia_trading.html [Accessed 23 Oct. 2017]. Utas.edu.au. (2017). Exports. [online] Available at: https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/E/Exports.htm [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. Will the shift in global economic power continue?. (2017). The World in 2050. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. World Bank. (2017). Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia/overview [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]

The Significance of Souls of Black Folks

One hundred years after The beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by numerous changes taking place in every country of the world. The United Stated were also transforming into a new society. Americans tried to build a truly democratic country where all people of many nations and colors could be really equal. By all means, that was quite a difficult and very long process. In fact, it is hardly possible to state that the process has changed even one hundred years after. Of course, the life of African Americans has changed dramatically.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Significance of Souls of Black Folks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, in 1900 the majority of African Americans (83%) were living in rural areas, whereas in 1994 the majority of African American population (86,3%) lives in urban areas (Steele 35). It goes without saying that this part of population has gained m any freedoms and in the beginning of the twenty-first century African Americans play an important role in the society. Nevertheless, the issue of racial intolerance is still one of the most burning in the United States. Many African Americans face many injustices and have to struggle trying to prove that they worth the freedoms gained. Thus, in such a world the book by W.E.B. Du Bois Souls of Black Folks can never become less important than I was 100 hundred years ago. The book has two major values. First of all, it is a historical sketch of what was happening in the society. So, it is a great source of detailed and comprehensive information. On the other hand, this book can be a valuable didactic source. Apart from giving certain facts and figures, the book also portrays the inner world of African Americans who had to struggle for being equal to white people. Thus, while reading Souls of Black Folks many can find the solution for the long-lasting tension. The value of factual infor mation Despite the fact that Du Bois tried to outline â€Å"the spiritual world in which ten thousand Americans live and strive† he provided a lot of particular historical information (Du Bois 4). For instance, he mentions certain dates, figures and names which were significant for the life of African Americans. Thus, in â€Å"Of the Dawn of Freedom† Du Bois traces the major stages of the slavery emancipation process. He does not merely depicts the fears and hopes of African Americans but precisely reveals the conditions which formed those feelings in that part of American society. He comments on particular steps implemented by individuals or organizations to obtain equality. Notably, Du Bois provides quite unbiased analysis of those actions. He does not judge from the individual’s viewpoint, he sees the entire picture and articulates what was good or bad for the overall community of African Americans.Advertising Looking for research paper on american liter ature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Du Bois articulates that Washington’s program is erroneous in several crucial points. Byerman stresses that Du Bois â€Å"countered† one of the central Washington’s ideas of industrial education for African Americans (199). Du Bois, on the contrary, revealed that higher education is essential for African Americans since it is the key to obtaining true equality with white people (46). Such attention to facts makes the book informative and realistic. Du Bois manages to explain what conditions evoked certain feelings in African Americans. This factual precision prevents readers from perceiving the book as a fictional contemplation about tragedy of African Americans. This academic approach enables readers to draw certain conclusions on the basis of truthful facts and personal point of view of an educated person. Inner world of African Americans Du Bois denotes th at the major of the book is to reveal the inner world of those who have to struggle for equality, those who pertain to particular culture but have to assimilate with other people who still regard themselves as masters. Schaffer states that Du Bois portrays African Americans as people who are born with veil which is â€Å"a metaphor for the bifurcation which the black man must routinely deal with† (266). Schaffer articulates that African Americans not only have to live in a hostile world but often â€Å"finds that the beliefs which he himself holds dear are hostile to himself† (266). Mocombe points out another definition to that peculiarity of African Americans’ inner world given by Du Bois, i.e. â€Å"double-consciousness† and â€Å"twoness† (1). Thus, Du Bois depicts his veil and his approach to the overall issue. Notably, he regards himself as a â€Å"problem†, he sees that there is a veil between him and the rest of the â€Å"pale† society (Du Bois 5). However, he also admits that he is not eager to tear the veil. Du Bois does not mind living on that side of it, but he has his own vision of solving the problem: he will beat those who does not want to accept him in everything. Nevertheless, Du Bois depicts other viewpoints of those who live behind the veil: some of them shut down and reveal only hatred or hostility to all â€Å"white† and many simply â€Å"waste† their energy pitying themselves and cursing their fate of being strangers in their â€Å"own house† (5). At this point it is necessary to note that Du Bois considers this duality of souls in terms of â€Å"the racial science and the ideology of biological determinism† (Mocombe 1). Thus, Du Bois admits that African Americans assimilate with the American society but at the same time have their own particular beliefs determined by their racial type.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Significan ce of Souls of Black Folks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is necessary to point out that Du Bois is quite emotional in expressing thoughts and dreams of African Americans. His essays are very catching since irrespective of race or nation the reader starts thinking of unfairness of the â€Å"problems†. This mixture of scientific (historical and sociological) approach and emotionality of a representative of the suppressed part of society reveals the tragedy of African Americans living in the beginning of the twentieth century. The tragedy of African Americans Du Bois portrays many hardships of African Americans throughout his book: from the days of civil war up to the moment when democratic principles won (or at least they were thought to win) in the society. Du Bois reveals those harsh points which really need consideration. For instance, he states that many people think they know a lot about the life of African Americans, but they do not try to know more (Du Bois 63). Moreover, those people are afraid of coming across some unpleasant facts which will explicitly show the real conditions where African Americans have to live. Thus, Du Bois finds it natural to reveal some facts about African Americans’ lives: â€Å"their daily lives and longings†, â€Å"their homely joys and sorrows†, â€Å"their real shortcomings and the meaning of their crimes† (Du Bois 63). Again Du Bois provides many credible facts which enhance the impression provided by the book. While reading the book it is possible to see the real tragedy of African Americans. It is necessary to stress that Du Bois exploits quite fruitful technique combining bright literary language and scientific analysis. The facts accompanied by bright metaphors bring into front the duality of American society where someone can enjoy the comfort of their lives and some should struggle for humane conditions of life. For instance, the story of Argonauts and the Golden Fleece is that background which underlines the inhumane conditions of African Americans’ lives (Du Bois 61-73). By all means, this approach serves the main purpose of the book – to make people know about the two sides of the coin, make them feel the necessity to find solutions. The significance of Souls of Black Folks The significance of the book can hardly be overestimated since it has been a potent stimulus to solve difficult (or rather unpleasant) issues. For instance, Harris defines Du Bois as â€Å"the filtering agent through which whites could learn what it means to be black† (218). Admittedly, the understanding of the viewpoints of both communities can lead to fruitful collaboration. Souls of Black Folks is a guide which teaches what is really important for African Americans. Harris claims that Du Bois â€Å"discusses issues to encourage sociobehavioral change within the African American community to develop European Am erican empathy toward African Americans† (218). It is necessary to point out that the book reaches its aim since it has evoked long-lasting discourse. The book was one of those factors which initiated the dialogue which in its turn generated many effective solutions.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The great value of the book is that it portrays unfairness of many things accepted in the society and at the same time he suggests certain solutions. Du Bois mentions the struggles and ignorance of African Americans, articulates their longing and fears. At the same time it is possible to trace certain strategies provided by Du Bois. Notably, those strategies are useful for both, â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† camp. For instance, â€Å"whites† reading the book can see the real conditions where â€Å"blacks† have to live, and this knowledge inevitable evokes the desire to change at least some part of the unfairness of the world. On the other hand, â€Å"blacks† reading the book can see possible options which can help to become equal to the rest of the population of â€Å"democratic† society. For instance, Du Bois promulgates the exclusive power of higher education which is the key to certain success. Of course, in the beginning of the twentieth century Du Bois could only dream about the veil removal. However, even in the twenty-first century some people create such artificial veil. The existence of those veils makes the book still up-to date. It goes without saying that nowadays Souls of Black Folks can be even more effective since many stereotypes and unfair rules are forgotten and condemned. Thus, it can be helpful to resort to the book when some biased situations emerge. Irrespective of nation or race people can find many ideas which can prevent or resolve conflict situations. In conclusion, it is possible to point out that the major significance of the book is that it can serve as a source of reconciliation. Works Cited Byerman, Keith Eldon. Seizing the Word: History, Art, and Self in the Work of W.E.B. Du Bois. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1994. Print. Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. The Souls of Black Folk (an African American Heritage Book). Radford, VA: Wilder Publications, 2008. Print. Harris, Shan ette M. â€Å"Constructing a Psychological Perspective: The Observer and the Observed in The Souls of Black Folks.† The souls of Black folk: one hundred years later. Ed. Dolan Hubbard. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2003. 218-251. Print. Mocombe, Paul. The Soul-Less Souls of Black Folk: A Sociological Reconsideration of Black Consciousness as Du Boisian Double Consciousness. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2009. Print. Schaffer, Robert G. â€Å"W.E.B. Du Bois’ the Souls of Black Folk as an Example of the Tragic.† The Orchestration of the Arts: A Creative Symbiosis of Existential Powers : The Vibrating Interplay of Sound, Color, Image, Gesture, Movement, Rhythm, Fragrance, Word, Touch. Ed. Marlies Kronegger. Norwell, MA: Springer, 2000. 265-275. Print. Steele, James Daniel. â€Å"The Soul of the â€Å"Black Belt† Revisited.† The souls of Black folk: one hundred years later. Ed. Dolan Hubbard. Columbia, Missouri: Uni versity of Missouri Press, 2003. 34-49. Print. This research paper on The Significance of Souls of Black Folks was written and submitted by user Jett W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Childrens Author Tomie dePaola

Biography of Children's Author Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola  is acclaimed as an award-winning childrens author and illustrator, with more than  200  books  to his credit. In addition to illustrating all of these books, dePaola is also the author of more than a quarter of them. In his art, his stories, and his interviews, Tomie dePaola comes across as a man filled with a love of humanity and joie de vivre. Early Life By the age of four, Tomie dePaola  knew he wanted to be an artist. At the age of 31, dePaola illustrated his first picture book. Since 1965, he has published at least one book a year, and  generally four to six books annually. Much of what we know about Tomie dePaolas early life comes from the authors own books. In fact, he his series of beginning chapter books is based on his childhood. Known as 26 Fairmount Avenue books, they include 26 Fairmount Avenue, which received a 2000 Newbery Honor Award, Here We All Are, and On My Way. Tomie came from a loving family of Irish and Italian background. He had an older brother and two younger sisters. His grandmothers were an important part of his life. Tomies parents supported his desire to be an artist and to perform on stage. Education and Training When Tomie expressed an interest in taking dance lessons, he was immediately enrolled, even though it was unusual for a young boy to take dance lessons at that time. In his picture book Oliver Button is a Sissy, dePaola uses the bullying that he experienced because of the lessons as the basis for the story. The emphasis in Tomies family was on enjoying home, school, family and friends, and embracing personal interests and talents. dePaola received a BFA from Pratt Institute and an MFA from the California College of Arts Crafts. Between college and graduate school, he spent a brief time in a Benedictine monastery. DePaola taught art and/or theater design at the college level from 1962 through 1978 before devoting himself full time to childrens literature. Literary Awards and Accomplishments Tomie dePaolas work has been recognized with numerous awards, including a 1976 Caldecott Honor Book Award for his picture book Strega Nona. The title character, whose name means Grandma Witch is apparently very loosely based on Tomies Italian grandmother. DePaola received the New Hampshire Governors Arts Award as the 1999 Living Treasure for the entire body of his work. A number of American colleges have awarded dePaola honorary degrees. He has also received several awards from the Society of Childrens Book Writers and Illustrators, the Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, and awards from the Catholic Library Association and the Smithsonian Institution, among others. His books are frequently used in the classroom. Writing Influences DePaolas picture books cover a number of themes/topics. Some of these include  his own life, Christmas and other holidays (religious and secular), folktales, Bible stories, Mother Goose rhymes, and books about Strega Nona. Tomie dePaola has also written a number of informational books like ​Charlie Needs a Cloak, which is the story of the creation of a wool cloak, from shearing a sheep to spinning the wool, weaving the cloth, and sewing the garment. dePaolas collections include Mother Goose rhymes, scary stories, seasonal stories, and nursery tales. He is also the author of Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland. His books are characterized by humor and light-hearted illustrations, many in a folk art style. DePaola creates his artwork in a combination of watercolor, tempera, and acrylic. A Full and Accomplished Life   Today, Tomie dePaola lives in New Hampshire. His art studio is in a large barn. He travels to events and makes personal appearances regularly. DePaola continues to write books based on his own life and interests, as well as illustrating books for other authors. To learn more about this extraordinary man, read Tomie dePaola: His Art and His Stories, which was written by Barbara Elleman and published by G.P. Putnams Sons in 1999.

Free Essays on Siddhartha

In Herman Hesse’s Siddhartha, Unity is a reflecting theme of this novel and in life. Unity is â€Å"the state of being one or a unit; harmony, agreement in feelings or ideas or aims, etc.† Unity is first introduced by means of the river and by the mystical word â€Å"Om.† Direct commentary from Siddhartha and the narrator also introduces the theme. Frequent allusions to the river correspond w/ Siddhartha’s infinite thoughts of Unity and his initial plans to strive for it. Siddhartha has a number of specific goals during the course of this novel, but in no way does this detract from the bare nature of his ultimate goal. The accomplishment of specific goals was an important part of the progression approaching his absolute state of Unity. Siddhartha see things united and somehow entangled in a seemingly endless and meaningless circular chain of events. Allusions frequently show Siddhartha’s conditions by means of clever imagery suggesting circular motion and an immobile state. Siddhartha is first compared to a potter’s wheel that slowly revolves and comes to a stop. From here, Siddhartha meets the elegant and beautiful, Kamala, gets caught â€Å"off track† and entangles himself in a â€Å"senseless cycle† of acquiring and squandering wealth. In the final chapters, Siddhartha proves that achieving or over-coming obstacles do lead to better Unity. Prior to making a leap forward in reaching his goal, Siddhartha finds himself in despair. He speaks to Vasudeva, the ferryman. The ferryman smiles and says very little, allowing the River to speak for him. Siddhartha listens as the River reveals its first true, complete message. â€Å"Om.† Siddhartha hears. His â€Å"wounds† heal, losing the attachment he had for his son. Siddhartha merges into Unity; he attains his ultimate goal. The River is essential in helping Siddhartha come to an important realization of Unity. He hears the river laugh at him, making him realize that he is ac... Free Essays on Siddhartha Free Essays on Siddhartha In Herman Hesse’s Siddhartha, Unity is a reflecting theme of this novel and in life. Unity is â€Å"the state of being one or a unit; harmony, agreement in feelings or ideas or aims, etc.† Unity is first introduced by means of the river and by the mystical word â€Å"Om.† Direct commentary from Siddhartha and the narrator also introduces the theme. Frequent allusions to the river correspond w/ Siddhartha’s infinite thoughts of Unity and his initial plans to strive for it. Siddhartha has a number of specific goals during the course of this novel, but in no way does this detract from the bare nature of his ultimate goal. The accomplishment of specific goals was an important part of the progression approaching his absolute state of Unity. Siddhartha see things united and somehow entangled in a seemingly endless and meaningless circular chain of events. Allusions frequently show Siddhartha’s conditions by means of clever imagery suggesting circular motion and an immobile state. Siddhartha is first compared to a potter’s wheel that slowly revolves and comes to a stop. From here, Siddhartha meets the elegant and beautiful, Kamala, gets caught â€Å"off track† and entangles himself in a â€Å"senseless cycle† of acquiring and squandering wealth. In the final chapters, Siddhartha proves that achieving or over-coming obstacles do lead to better Unity. Prior to making a leap forward in reaching his goal, Siddhartha finds himself in despair. He speaks to Vasudeva, the ferryman. The ferryman smiles and says very little, allowing the River to speak for him. Siddhartha listens as the River reveals its first true, complete message. â€Å"Om.† Siddhartha hears. His â€Å"wounds† heal, losing the attachment he had for his son. Siddhartha merges into Unity; he attains his ultimate goal. The River is essential in helping Siddhartha come to an important realization of Unity. He hears the river laugh at him, making him realize that he is ac... Free Essays on Siddhartha AP Themes Siddhartha Response Paper In â€Å"By the River†, why did Siddhartha wish so much for oblivion and death? What does this suggest about his growth? The chapter â€Å"By the River† illustrates the overwhelming of Siddhartha by the worldly pleasures he had previously set out to explore. After the bitter realization that his life was engrossed in the endless cycle of Samsara, he yearns for the peace of death or any oblivion where he would not have to dwell on the â€Å"sins† which has contaminated his body and soul. As Siddhartha reflects on the errors which he has committed, he laments the convolution of his life’s goals. â€Å"Why should he go further, where, and for what purpose? There was no more purpose; there was nothing more than a deep, painful longing to shake off this whole confused dream†¦to make an end to this bitter, painful life† (88) Through his uncontrolled exploring of the life of materialism, Siddhartha has now lost all sense of purpose in life; or more to the point, true purpose. He had delved too deeply into the life of the â€Å"ordinary† and ceased to realize his true goal of enlightenment which rests outside of the cycle of Samsara. In addition to the loss of his goal, Siddhartha had also lost the qualities which made him distinct from those caught within the cycle of materialism, namely, the abilities to fast, think, and meditate. This represents a loss of identity, where Siddhartha, believing that he was in full control, gradually becomes caught within the lifestyle which he once so despised; eventually experiencing a character change into a person living for the pleasures of the world, instead of his previous goal which strived toward the metaphysical. This â€Å"humbling† of Siddhartha is an essential component of his growth toward enlightenment. Siddhartha’s growth is characterized by the experiences he has, not so much the physical experiences as the emotional. Whereas he has been so self-assur... Free Essays on Siddhartha Society’s youth today reflects much of what is said and portrayed in Siddhartha’s life. Siddhartha had to make many decisions in his life that affected him forever. Teens, such as myself, also make decisions involving the future, high school, friends, and other activities. Siddhartha’s main goal is finding a place and destiny in life. It seems awkward to say that teens are finding a ‘destiny’, but in reality, high school students are trying to find a place in which they fit in, in other words, a â€Å"clique.† There are many conflicting ideas and misunderstanding viewpoints between adults and teens. This is shown with Siddhartha as well. Siddhartha rebelled against his fathers’ wants by leaving his house. After being persistent of leaving his house, Siddhartha’s father reluctantly allowed him to move on; however, conflict did occur. Future is a huge question that is related to Siddhartha and youth today. It is something I face almost every day. Siddhartha was uncertain of his future and what path he wanted to take, either the samana way, to become an â€Å"enlightened one,† or the luxurious game life. I am debating whether to stay in the IB program, what college I would like to attend, and what leisure activities I choose to engage in. Reading the novel, Siddhartha has actually helped and encouraged me in many ways. It forced me to look at questions involving the future, adults, friends, and rebellion and owing this handy book will be useful even when I go off to college. Siddhartha, like many teens share similar problems when choosing their â€Å"path of life,† but in reality, everyone has lived through such situations, others just realizing it more.... Free Essays on Siddhartha Siddhartha Siddhartha written by Hermann Hesse is a colorful and rich novel about the search for self-knowledge. Siddhartha, the handsome son of a Brahmin, was on the journey â€Å"to find the way to himself,† and obtain nirvana. Siddhartha take many paths before he reaches enlightenment. In the beginning of the novel he separates from his family to go live in the woods with the Samanas. There he learned three noble and invincible arts: fasting, waiting, and thinking. Through these arts Siddhartha and Govinda, his best friend and follower, were able to meditate, and aquire self-knowledge. After living with the Samanas the two men traveled to see the Buddah, and learn from his teaching of how to â€Å"find salvation.† Govinda stayed with Gautma to become a follower and a monk. Siddartha did not gain much from Gautma’s teachings so he departed reflecting â€Å"deeply as he went on his way.† Siddhartha â€Å"realized that he was no longer a youth; he was now a man.† He was seeking Brahman, Atman, he wished to destroy himself in order to find in the unknown innermost, the nucleus of all things, Atman, Life, the Divine, the Absolute. Siddhartha learned something new on every step of his path. He came across a grove where he meet the beautiful Kamala. She told the Samana that, â€Å"he was not yet good enough. He must have cloths, fine cloths, and shoes, fine shoes, and plenty of money I in his purse and presents for Kamala.† To accommodate Kamala, Siddhartha went and received a job from one of the most respected merchants. While he was satisfying Kamala he learned the art of love, but he lost his self confidence because he was converting himself into a self-centered society. â€Å"His heart became full of misery, he felt he could no longer endure it.† At the same time Siddhartha had a dream that the Kamala’s songbird lay stiff on the floor of i ts cage. The bird is symbolic of Siddhartha, who had been caged by the requests of Kamala. In ...

Nutrition assessment (food record) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition assessment (food record) - Essay Example Make dough balls and leave for 10 minutes. Roll the dough balls into circles 5 inches wide and 1/4 inch thick. Bake each circle in oven preheated to 5000F for 4 minutes until it puffs up. Turn over and bake for an additional 2 minutes. over medium heat, saute onion and garlic in olive oil until onion is translucent. Stir in tomatoes, salt, sugar. Cover, reduce heat to low, and simmer 90 minutes. Stir in tomato paste, basil, 1/2 teaspoon pepper and meatballs and simmer 30 minutes more. Serve. Wash and cook the rice with coconut oil. Fry the lam beat in a pan until it turns golden brown. Add the onions and all the spices. Mix and fry again for 10 minutes. Add tomatoes and cook for 10 minutes. Serve with diet coke and green salad. Heat the olive oil in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add the onion, celery, and garlic and cook, occasionally stirring occasionally. Add the flour and cook for cook for a minute. Add the half-and-half and cook until thickened. Add the chicken broth and cook until thickened again. Add the salt, the thyme, parsley, remaining spices, spinach, chicken, and gnocchi. Simmer until the mixture is well-cooked Preheat the oven to 450Â °F for at least 30 minutes. Make the dough into a ball and then work it to form flat dough. Add the tomatoes, cheese and grilled chicken (as toppings). Bake the pizza for 15 minutes, or until it is browned and the cheese is

Analyse the development of British policies towards the Middle East Essay

Analyse the development of British policies towards the Middle East from 1945 to 1967 - Essay Example Britain emerged from the Second World War in a precarious position both domestically and internationally. It faced repayment of a staggering 3.75 billion dollar loan from the United States, a convertibility crisis in 1947, a devaluation in 1949 and a balance of payment crisis in 1947. During this time there was prolonged public debate on the proper use of Britain's economic and military resources. The Labor government, committed to the eradication of Imperialism, believed foreign policy aims could be achieved in the long run by dealing with the peoples of the newly liberated nations as equals. Britain played an integral role in the Middle East since the close of World War I, and faced many difficulties in the region during the inter-war years. In large part these problems were brought on when they reneged on the pledge of independence they made to various Ethnic groups during their campaign against the Ottoman Turks. In addition, the parceling out land and creation of artificial states and borders resulted in various uprisings, most noticeably that in Iraq in 1920. Finally, their handling of the Palestine issue was not well met by Arab nations. The handling of the Palestine issue in the War's aftermath was a foreshadowing of Britain's coming impotence in the region. Unable to resolve the issue, Britain gave administration of Palestine to the United Nations in 1946. On Nov 29th 1947, the UN put forth a resolution calling for the partitioning of Palestine into two parts, one Jewish, one Arab. The results were not favorable to the Palestinians: three states, including the Soviet Union and the United States said yes, thirteen said no-mostly Arab and Muslim states-and ten abstained, among them Britain. Blackwell (1993) believes that the failure to hold Palestine, coupled with Britain's economic weakness and financial dependence on the United States all contributed to the undermining of British views on its world role at the end of the war (p.107). Despite the policy slump of the years following the war, in the 1950's there was a resurgence of foreign policy aims, most noticeably in the Middle East. Almog and Watt (2003) believe that this was due largely to Britain's interest in the Suez Canal. They claim, "The Suez Canal still remained a vital route of communication to Britain's interests in the Far East, e.g. Malaya and the empire in East Africa and Australia. In addition, in was an important link to British oil interests, largely those in Iran; in 1939, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company was one of Britain's most important economic assets (Olmag and Watt, 2003, p. 1). Changing views by the British government on foreign policy were, to a large extent, an impetuous for policy expansion. Young (1997, p. 147) states, "By 1951 the Labour Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, a former trades union leader of lowly background but forceful personality, had abandoned all idea of isolationism and led Britain into a peacetime, permanent alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)." In 1952 Sir John Harding defined two fundamental principles that were to govern British initiatives and most importantly requirements for bases, in the Middle East. Cohen (2004) states, These principles marked the recognition that the UK could no longer aspire on its own to provide an effective defence of

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay Example for Free

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay ‘Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’ – John Berger, ‘Ways of seeing’. For my research investigation I intend to explore to what extent specific media products use similar representations of women to appeal to their target audiences. The examples I have chosen to focus on are the iconic, international women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine ‘Cosmopolitan’ and Lynx’s controversial ‘beach campaign’. I will therefore be exploring what similarities and differences they embed due to their oppositional target audiences and content. Throughout my research the main theory I will be linking to my texts is that of Laura Mulvey, her theory explores ideas of sexism and male gaze within the media industry. Hearst the publisher of Cosmopolitan describes the magazine’s target audience as ‘Fun, Fearless Females’, the alliteration of the ‘F’ sound connotes a sense of attitude and fierce behaviour. Alongside the brand proposition ‘celebrates†¦a passion for life and inspires young women to be the best they can be’ consciously supporting women by portraying a sense of empowerment and ambition. In contrast, Unilever, owners of the Lynx brand state their brand prospect is that all their products are ‘designed to give our customers the edge in the mating game’ establishing itself as ‘UK’s leading male grooming brand!’. Cosmopolitan are iconic for telling their audience about two main topics; lifestyle and sex. Just by looking at the magazine covers, it is clear that these two topics dominate. I researched the April 2012 cover of Cosmopolitan, it follows the generic conventions of a typical magazine format for a women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine. In terms of the colour scheme the pink fonts and neutral clothing convey a sense of femininity and perhaps the everyday domestic lifestyle of women, although the lifestyle aspect of the magazine seems overpowered by the topic of sex. The cover features an attractive women – in this case the iconic Megan Fox, posing some mildly alluring body language, showing a lot of skin, all whilst looking directly at the camera (audience) with a sexy, serious facial expression with the eyebrow promiscuously raised, and suggestive parted lips. Although the model is simply posing the latest fashion, the low cut, tightly fitting dress connotes an over sexualised view of the celebrity who is universally known as a sex symbol in the media world, taking her place in FHM’s sexiest women each year and continuously playing the role of the sexy female in various popular films. It is clear that Cosmopolitan use bold sexual connotations surrounding women, although argue that their intentions are in fact to empower women through their sexuality. Notice the models strong body language , the hand on hip look used alongside taglines such as ‘Naughty or nice? You decide†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, and sexual puns are even added in regarding none sexual subjects such as career advice ‘You on top’, these are bold sexual connotations implying that woman should dominate to get what they want, mostly regarding the topic of sex. Perhaps fighting the controversial debate of sexism towards women in media by surprisingly embracing La ura Mulvey’s theory of ‘male gaze’. Cosmo put across the idea that if men find women attractive then it should accredit them by making them feel good about themselves, knowing that they look sexy and attractive. The magazine are conscious to do this in a sophisticated manor, opposed to other trashy and over sexualised magazines. Mediaknowall.com state that ‘Women’s magazines have moved on and offer visions of independence and confidence as well as beauty and domestic concerns, yet women are still encouraged to look good’. Body image and size have become a growing issue in society in result of magazine content. The overuse of petite, photo shopped models throughout magazines has resulted in these images becoming the dominant ideology. Over the years images printed in women’s magazines have contributed to this universal feeling to look good and be a certain size. Lynx are known for their voyeuristic product advertisement, this element of the company is what attracts their buyers, yet is also their downfall. Lynx have been publicly criticized for their overuse of objectifying women, using sexualized and provocative imagery and overall blunt sexism. The BBC news state that ‘in 2011 six of Lynx’s advertising campaigns were banned after mass numbers of complains were made’ they added that ‘the 113 complaints said it was sexually suggestive and demeaning to women’. I researched Lynx’s recent TV advertisement and accompanying print advert titled ‘The cleaner you are, the dirtier you get’. Although I believe this is one of Lynx’s milder sexualised adverts even the title itself contains a sexual pun, suggesting the promise of sex if you shower with the product. The girl on the print advertisement is no doubt an attractive young female, fitting the iconic ‘blonde bombshell’ look. The girl’s enticing facial expression creates the impression she is inviting the audience (male) into the shower with her. Although the girl’s expressions look confident, there is a contrast between this and her body language. For example the way she has to cup her bikini top to stop it from falling. This vulnerability of the woman standing half nude for a male audience completely visually depicting her as a female, making her a passive object of male visual pleasure. A comment by Jean Killbourne (a popular media activist) backs up my point by stating that ‘women’s bodies are often dismembered into legs, breasts or thighs, reinforcing the message that women are objects rather than whole human beings’. Killbourne suggests that women have become dehumanised into erotic objects for male pleasure. One element of Lynx’s campaigns which continues throughout is the idea of fake portrayal. In each advert the male role is played by your everyday, not overly-attractive man, contrasted with the female role being a desirable, young beauty. In an everyday world the changes of the male role attracting that type of woman are very slim. Despite this the main message that Lynx put across to their audience throughout their advertisements is that if men wear the product – women will find them irresistible – False portrayal. Of course this element adds humour to the advertisements, although all at the expense of objectifying women in the process and promoting the gender role of the dominant male. Bibliography Websites: www.mediaknowall.com Hearst, http.//www.hearst.co.uk/magazines/Cosmpolitan/5-about.htm Cosmopolitan, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/megan-fox-april-cover-cosmopolitan Exploring the media: representations and responses

The Dredd Scott Case Essay -- Supreme Court American History Slavery E

The Dredd Scott Case The Dredd Scott case involved a landmark decision in the history of the Supreme Court, in the history of the United States the decision in this case was one of the most damaging statements in the history of the Supreme Court, involving the citizenship of a black person in the United States, and the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise in 1820. The history of a black man named Dredd Scott states that he was a slave originally owed by a family by the name of Blow, which ended up selling him in 1833 to an army surgeon by the name of Dr. John Emerson of St. Luis. Due to his involvement as an army surgeon, Emerson was transferred to numerous places such as Rock Island, Illinois, Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin Territory then back to St. Louis in the end of 1838. Scott had accompanied Emerson throughout this period. Emerson had taken Scott to places that forbidden slavery according to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Scott was even allowed to marry during this! time period on fre e territory, his companion being a woman who was also a slave owned by Emerson. As Emerson and Scott had returned to St. Louis, a territory where slavery was legal, Emerson died and Scott was left to his widow, who eventually gave Scott back to his original owners, the Blows. Henry Blow, Scott’s original master, was opposed to the extension of slavery into the Western territories, and Blow lent Scott’s residence on free soil in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory had made him a free man. In 1846, Dredd Scott brought suit in the state court on the grounds that residence in a free territory released him from slavery. A lower state court had found to be in favor of Scott, but in 1852, the Supreme Court of Missouri ruled that upon his return to territory where slavery was legal, the status of slavery was reattached to him and therefore he had no standing before the court. The case was brought before the federal circuit court, which took jurisdiction, but held against Scott. The case was taken on appeal to the Supreme Court, where it was argued at length in 1855 and 1856 and finally decided in 1857. The decision handed down by a majority of the vote of the court was that there was no power in the in the existing form of government to make citizens slave or free, ! and at the time of the formation of the US Constitution they were not and could not be citi... ...than presiding over a session of the circuit court), Taney on the 28th of May, 1861, declared Merryman entitled to his freedom on the grounds that he was illegally detained. In an unusual move, he filed and opinion condemning Merryman’s arrest as an arbitrary and illegal denial of civil liberty. Taney stated that military detention of civilians like Merryman was unconstitutional because only congress had authority to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. Taney described the president as a mere administrative officer charged with faithful enforcement of the laws. according to the Chief Justice this amounted to a constitutional duty not to execute the laws "as they are expanded and adjudged by the co-ordinate branch of the government, to which that duty is assigned by the constitution." Taney sent a copy of his opinion to Lincoln. President Lincoln justified his action in a message to Congress in July 1861. He reasoned further that the framers did not intend that in an emergency no action should be taken to protect the public safety by suspending Habeas Corpus until Congress should be assembled. More importantly he ignored Taney’s opinion. Merryman, however, was later released.

Harvard Business School Essay

August 8, 1995 had taken an unexpected turn for Netscape Communications Corporation’s board of directors. Earlier that morning, the day before the company’s scheduled initial public offering (IPO), Netscape’s lead underwriters proposed to the board a 100% increase in the original offering price from $14 to $28 per share. This recommendation came in response to the remarkable oversubscription for Netscape’s shares, which had already prompted the underwriters to increase the number of shares to be offered from 3.5 million to 5 million. Under the current proposal, a company with a net book value of just over $16 million that had yet to turn a profit, was suddenly valued at over $1 billion. The Board faced a pricing dilemma within the context of an extremely unpredictable industry. While its members wanted to be responsive to Wall Street’s current zeal, they also wanted to make sure that the fundamentals of Netscape justified such a dramatic increase in valuation. Netscape Communications Founded in April 1994, Netscape Communications Corporation provided a comprehensive line of client, server, and integrated applications software  for communications and commerce on the Internet and private Internet Protocol (IP) networks. These products enabled the growing network of servers on the World Wide Web to communicate through multimedia, including graphics, video and sound. Designed with enhanced security code, these software products provided the confidentiality required to execute financial transactions and to sell advertisements on the Internet and private IP networks. The company’s most popular product, Netscape Navigator, was the leading client software program that allowed individual personal computer (PC) users to exchange information and conduct commerce on the Internet. Navigator featured a click-and-point graphical user interface that enabled users to navigate the Internet by manipulating icons and windows rather than by using text commands. With the user-friendly interface as a guide, Navigator offered a variety of Internet functions including Web browsing, file transfers, news group communications, and e-mail. Initially shipped in December 1994, Netscape Navigator generated 49% and 65% of total revenues for the quarters ended March 31, 1995, and June 30, 1995, respectively. Netscape’s server software provided enterprises with the basic capabilities necessary for creating and operating Web server â€Å"sites,† or places on the Web which browsers could visit. Research Associate Kendall H. Backstrand wrote this case under the supervision of Professor W. Carl Kester as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1996 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. Incorporating both browser and server functions, the company’s integrated applications software programs were designed to provide enterprises with the capability to manage large-scale commercial sites on the Internet. Such applications enabled these enterprises to conduct full-scale electronic commerce through a seamless system. Together, server and integrated applications software accounted for 36% of total revenues in the first quarter of 1995, and 28% of total revenues in the second. Of these revenues, the majority were generated by one of Netscape’s three server products, Netscape Commerce Server .1 Revenues from Netscape’s server and integrated applications products were expected to increase as a percentage of overall revenues in the future. In addition to product revenues, Netscape generated service revenues, which were attributable to fees from consulting, maintenance, and support services. These revenues amounted to approximately 5% and 7% of total revenues for the quarters ended March 31, 1995 and June 30, 1995, respectively. Financial Performance Netscape had incurred total losses of $4.3 million on total revenues of $16.6 million for its first two operating quarters ended June 30, 1995. The company expected to continue to operate at a loss for the foreseeable future. Exhibits 1 and 2 provide Netscape’s financial statements since its incorporation in April 1994. Operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 1995 had generated $7.3 million in cash. Cash flows from financing activities of $20.5 million were primarily attributable to the net proceeds of $17.3 million from the issuance of Series C Preferred Stock and borrowings of $2.2 million under a debt facility agreement. Cash used in investment activities of $22.1 million related to $16.6 in short-term investments and $5 million in capital expenditures. At the end of the second quarter of 1995, Netscape’s principal sources of liquidity were $8.9 million in cash and the $16.6 million in shortterm investments. The company expected total capital expenditures for 1995 of approximately $12 million. Industry Background The demand for Netscape’s products had evolved out of the development of the Internet in the late 1960s. The Internet was a global network designed to facilitate communication between some 35,000 computer networks using the enabling code termed Internet Protocol. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), in mid-1995 there were approximately 57 million Internet users. Of those 57 million users, IDC estimated that approximately 8 million were accessing information on the World Wide Web. Engineered in the early 1990s, the Web was a technology that linked one bit of information on the Internet with another so that users could share â€Å"webs† of ideas. The Web consisted of a network of Web servers that posted information in a common format described by the Hypertext Markup Language (â€Å"HTML†). Internet users were able to access information on the Web by implementing the appropriate Hypertext Transfer Protocol (â€Å"HTTP†). Because it necessitated complex coding, the Web had remained largely undiscovered by nontechnical users who simply wanted to browse, a popular pastime which came to be dubbed â€Å"surfing the Net.† 1Bundled packages of Netscape Navigator and Netscape Commerce Server accounted for about 10% of total revenues in the first quarter, while its contribution in the second quarter was immaterial. 2 Netscape’s Initial Public Offering Netscape’s Entrance Meanwhile at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a group of computer science students working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) developed the graphical software program that gave rise to the notion of â€Å"surfing.† Named NCSA Mosaic, the software program enabled nontechnical users to access and retrieve information on the Web. The Mosaic code organized Web information into neat collections of graphical electronic menus on which users could simply click-and-point to browse their contents. In April 1993, the founders of Mosaic, under the leadership of then senior Marc Andreessen, began distributing the software for free to anyone who had the technical means to fetch it electronically. The superb results of this strategy—two million Mosaic users within one year—made for more than cocktail conversation among high-tech gurus in California’s Silicon Valley. Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, Inc. (known for its workstations that turned data into 3-D computer images), was among those who were impressed not only by Mosaic itself but by the broader vision of its creator, Andreessen. After hearing that Andreessen had moved to Silicon Valley in early 1994, Clark sent him an email asking if they might meet to discuss the future of  Mosaic. This exchange and subsequent discussions formed the launching pad for Mosaic Communications, which was shortly renamed Netscape Communications Corporation. In addition to dropping the Mosaic name, Netscape paid Spyglass (the company that had engaged in an exclusive licensing arrangement with the University of Illinois) a one-time $2.4 million fee for the rights to certain Mosaic code. With the original code, Clark’s management experience and $3 million in seed money, and Andreessen’s vision and technical expertise, Netscape made its entrance into the highly dynamic Internet market.

Capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran

In recent years, many Muslims have come to accept the notion of democracy but there is a variety of opinion as to its precise meaning. They have sought to delineate Islamic forms of democracy, or popular political participation, seeking to provide an Islamic rationale whose legitimacy finds its roots in tradition. The Islamification of democracy has been based on a modern process of reinterpretation of the traditional Islamic concepts of political deliberation or consultation, community consensus, and personal interpretation or reinterpretation to support notions of parliamentary democracy; this also extends to include representative elections, and religious reform. Islamic organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhoods in Egypt and Jordan, Algeria’s Islamic Salvation Front, Indonesia’s Muhammadiya and Nahdatual Ulama ostensibly have advocated the principle of democratic elections and, have participated in parliamentary elections (Common Dreams NewsCenter, 2005) As with the interpretation of Islam, notions of democracy and the structuring of administration of justice take on different forms in different Muslim countries with different experience. Throughout the Islamic world, governments have adopted varying degrees of self-representation in response to unique historical circumstances. Turkey, for example, is a parliamentary, secular democracy. Indonesia is one of the world's largest republics, but an uncertain one as the nation still struggles to evolve a representative political system after decades of repressive authoritarian rule. Iraq is currently a case study in nation-building in the aftermath of the dictatorial regime of Saddam Hussein and Iran is a theocratic republic with a growing democratic reform movement. Whilst many Islamic states have moved closer to democracy, the aforementioned groups and States along with several other Islamic States, particularly in the Middle East, advocate the death penalty as a capital punishment for many different types of crimes. It has been claimed that Iran’s execution rate is second in the world only to that of China. However, this assertion has also been variously dismissed by the regime as exaggeration of the facts (Gelbart, 2010). Nevertheless, the death penalty is legal and permitted for certain crimes in Iran. Capital punishment can be administered for the crimes such as treason, rape, sodomy, terrorism, murder, the trafficking of drugs, paedophilia, kidnap and armed robbery (FIDH, 2011). The present Iranian regime has been a subject of controversy and stringent criticism in the West for some time now. The current central disputes focus predominantly around the research and manufacture of nuclear weapons although it has also received controversy for its policy on execution and capital punishment, perhaps the most controversial occurring over the execution of those under 18, considered by law as not yet adult (minors). These State-legitimised executions have been raised as issues because they directly violate the Convention of the Rights of the Child, a treaty signed by Iran which protects children from execution (EMINE, 2012). Iran has attempted to defray these allegations by claiming dispensation in these cases (and some others) because certain sections of the Convention have been deemed incompatible with ‘Islamic jurisprudence’ (DN. SE, 2008). The Iranian regime has also received criticism for the alleged use of stoning as a means of exacting the death penalty, although these allegations have been denied by the Iranian judiciary as Western propaganda, along with the allegations of the execution of minors (BBC NEWS, 2005). In February 2012 a new penal code was adopted by Iran which officially legislated against the administration of the death penalty to minors (those under the age of 18) and those of who are subject to diminished mental development. In some rare instances the death penalty can still be applied to minors who commit murder between the ages of 15 and 18 years old but only if the judge is completely confident that the crime was entirely and absolutely premeditated and that the perpetrators in question are as mentally developed as adults (Bozorgmehr, 2010). The issue of Iranian executions carried out against minors has also been a salient point in the campaigns of numerous human rights groups. These groups claim that in spite of Iran’s signing on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they are actually the largest executor of minors in the world. This may be due to the disparity of definition regarding children in Iran. The Islamic Penal Code (Article 49) defines a child in Iran, as stipulated by Islamic law, as ‘someone who has not reached the age of bulugh (puberty)’ (Human Rights Watch, 2008). This discrepancy may be due to Iran’s use of the lunar Islamic calendar for the determination of criminal responsibility, as opposed to the standard solar calendar, which is longer. This means that in some cases a criminal who faced the death penalty Iran would be tired as an18 year old in accordance with Islamic years but only be 17 years old in the Western standard solar calendar (O’Toole, 2007). As Marx (1843) famously asserted ‘Religion is the opium of the masses’. Throughout all history, religion has played the starring role in much of human conflict, with philosophical, political, sociological, as well as physical repercussions. Most of religions profess and share positive life philosophies and values, although it is commonly recognised that some religious entities and States have used their power to realise crimes against humanity. Some religious regimes have also used the respective doctrine of their associated religions, to carry out perceivably draconian brutality against their people, be it for political disagreement or legal dissent. It is difficult to foresee how Islamic societies can realise their tremendous potential without genuine political reform. Evidently, it is not Islam that is the greatest obstacle to serious democratisation and reform against the death penalty. On the contrary, the most important impediment is the continuing resistance of established political regimes, whose leaders espouse the language of democracy but rarely permit political liberalisation beyond that which they can orchestrate and control. Mona Yacoubian (Gelbart, 2010) makes a persuasive case for greater international involvement in urging the Iranian government toward greater reform. The key to the success of democratisation and reformation of the death penalty in Islamic societies is imposition of more freedom, expanding freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, and freedom to form independent organisations. The process may be long and slow but it must be real, sustainable, and measures should be taken to prevent the reversal of it. History shows that many governments in the Muslim world have become adept at promising democratic reforms only to fail on their promises ad deliver more oppression. In this regard, the international community needs to exert sustained pressure on the existing governments to sue for liberalisation, democratisation and extension of civil liberties: only through such routes can true societal freedom be attained. Real and genuine reforms are needed; liberal and moderate voices cannot be heard in an environment of fear and repression. The United States and European countries should stop implicitly and explicitly supporting all Middle Eastern dictatorships and oppressive regimes (rather than just those who operate in accordance with their political machinations); this they should do in the name of stability and to promote peace and strengthen the voices of liberal Islam, rather than propagating sometimes spurious propaganda in order to exercise military power and at the same time undermining their own arguments. Muslim countries must also gain experience with democratic institutions and practices. Nonetheless, the success to the development of democracy will necessarily be dependent on the success of the citizens to ultimately resolve their inner crisis, but this situation in turn will always be hampered unless the general unrest and political instability either plateaus or resolves of its own volition.

Sedimentation

Sedimentation SedimentationAbstractSedimentation is the process of separating a liquid mixture of suspended particles into clear supernatant liquid and denser slurry having a higher concentration of solids. This is usually accomplished by allowing the particles to settle through the force of gravity, mechanically using centrifugal force, or electrostatically using an electric current. Continuous sedimentation tanks are usually used in wastewater treatment facilities to separate suspended particles from wastewater.This experiment aims to determine the effect of initial concentration and initial height of the slurry on its settling characteristics. Using a set of data obtained from the experiment, a continuous thickener or clarifier must then be designed. The batch sedimentation experiment was accomplished by measuring the height of the clear liquid interface at two-minute intervals using initial concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 grams per liter and initial volumes (convertible to height) of 1000, 90 0, and 800 milliliters. Two trials were conducted for each matrix.Figure 1From the data, it was observed that as the initial concentration of slurry is increased, the initial settling velocities decrease. The initial height has no effect on the initial settling velocity but can affect the rate at which solids compact. However, it was found that how the height affects compaction can be unpredictable. For the design of a thickener using batch sedimentation data, the required area was calculated using the Coe and Clevenger, and the Talmadge and Fitch methods. The results were 1.3112 m2 and 2.2714 m2, respectively.During the course of the experiment, various problems were encountered that may have lead to slight errors. These problems were usually problems of measurement. Using masking tape can cause slight errors if not applied to the cylinder properly. There were slight difficulties during the initial stirring of the slurry because of the lack of long stirring rods. Furthermore,

When to Turn Down a Job Offer Even Though Youre Unemployed

When to Turn Down a Job Offer Even Though Youre Unemployed People have always been reluctant to turn down a job offer, especially after spending long periods of time pouring through classified job ads. However, there are many reasons to turn down an offer that isn’t suitable even when you are unemployed. Learning some of these reasons may help keep a job hunter from getting stuck with a really terrible position. You Get Bad VibesThere are several ways you can get bad vibes when applying for a job. After you’ve soared through your interview on the wings of eagles and go in to meet your potential new boss and the other employees, something just doesn’t seem right. The office environment doesn’t feel warm and friendly, and the boss and employees are standoffish. Maybe your questions don’t get answered the way you think they should, or the staff appears unprofessional and lacks the seriousness you want in a work environment. Any of these red flags should signal you to think twice about taking that job.You Donâ €™t Believe in the CompanyBelieving in the company you are working for helps to ensure you’ll do your best. However, if you don’t like the company, taking a job there can be a bad move. For example, say you are a widget salesman and believed strongly that the widgets sold by your former company were the best on the market. Going to work for another widget company when you believe the product is inferior does a disservice to the company and to yourself because you won’t perform your best.The Financial Offer Doesn’t WorkYou’ve done your research and have a ballpark figure on what you should be earning in a similar position with your education and experience. However, the job offer comes in with a salary well under what you think should be offered. You can try to negotiate your salary upwards, but a really lowball offer isn’t likely to go up enough to pay you what you merit. Another reason is that you realize you can’t live on the sa lary offered, even though you like the job. In this case, you may want to keep looking.The Company Has a High Turnover RateOne red flag is when a company has a high turnover rate in employees. Happy people stay where they are, so something is afoot when people leave their positions in droves. Think twice before taking a job with this type of company.You’re Getting Limited Job OffersWhen you’ve been unemployed for awhile, you can become more desperate to take any job that comes along. When you have multiple jobs to interview for, accepting the first offer that comes along can be a mistake. At least give yourself enough leeway to think and perhaps go on other interviews before accepting a position.Taking a Dead End JobYou’ve been offered a decently paying job, but you don’t see any opportunities to advance your career or build on your skillset. This can turn into a downward spiral of plodding from one day to the next and never getting anywhere or realizing your dreams. You would be better off looking for positions that can challenge you, offer opportunities to learn new skills and have advancement opportunities.Be Careful of the Personal CostSay, for example, you’ve been offered a great job with a good salary, but it requires a lot of time on the road or away from the family, something for which you were not prepared. Ask yourself if your family is going to find it difficult for you to be away from home for long periods. If you see it straining your personal relationships, this might be a good time to turn down the job.Finding New Ways to Job HuntFinding an easier way to job hunt can give you more opportunities than searching job ads, so you don’t become tempted to take a job that offers you no satisfaction. TheJobNetwork is a great way to find a job, while all you have to do is list your qualifications and job interests. We work around the clock to find you the latest job openings and send them to you in the form of ema il alerts. This way, you can apply right away and not waste time applying to job ads. Sign up with TheJobNetwork to get started.

Music in Arts Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music in Arts Education - Research Paper Example Everywhere you look, someone is listening to music. In today’s day and age, children starting at the young ripe age of six, all the way to nineteen have ear buds permanently glued to their ears. Parents can hardly get a word in because they know their son or daughter is lost in their own world of music. Music varies, and it varies because children have different tastes. Each child has its own perception of what music should look, feel, sound, taste, and even smell like. For many, music brings back memories. Some of them are good, but much too often, bad. Without music, children feel that their world is being invaded. So they may use music as a safety net; a way to connect with their inner souls, and with people around them. Music is a window into the next dimension. Each child adapts to their own style, genre, and even musical essence. A lot of music is used to depict feeling, sensory connection, and telling of a story. Without music today, young children, preteens, and adoles cents feel disconnected from the world. We educators and adults may not understand why students are hooked on music, but if we take time to reflect, we too will remember the importance of our own quiet times we spent being enthralled with the newest album, CD, or cassette tape featuring our favorite group; boy, girl or singles band. All we must do is reminisce and we too will be transported back to what we now may see is â€Å"foreign† and not as important. When music is taught in the classroom, it can at times be considered boring, redundant and trite. Students lose heart because teachers are lacking the connection. Many times students are told what instrument they will play, when they will play it or how. But, when does the creativity begin to flow? When can students create their own rules when learning about music? Music is often taught via a textbook. Students learn about the baroque time, the neo-classical time, and the more prominent times that seem to be less pertinent to students today. Teachers stay away from time periods they are unfamiliar with mainly because they were not taught it in â€Å"teacher† college. But they are missing the connection with students. They fail to bridge the gap between music from the past and music today. If we want our students to appreciate music for what it is worth, it is important for us to start becoming more relevant for the students. Instead of focusing so much on standards and benchmarks required, maybe think about branching out and having a little bit of fun. National testing and school performance tables have been focusing so much on the core subjects that they have left out other subjects that seem less important such a music and the arts. Just because students are not tested on these things, does not mean they are less important. Unless of course a school is only focused on scores. When students study music, they learn about many different cultures. An appreciation for diversity comes to the foref ront and students learn to get along in a more harmonious manner. Students don’t only learn to get along but they learn self-discipline which is a very hard thing to do today because of the amount of overly stimulating activities students are involved in on a daily basis. Take T.V. for example. When kids watch TV, they do just that; watch. They do not interact with the television; they become complacent and are fed information. They are

The Adolescent Development Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Adolescent Development - Article Example It is said that 1 out of every 5 students enrolled in the public education system of the United States came from an immigrant family. This number is believed to be ever-increasing so much so that it is projected that by 2020 the ratio will be 1 out of 3. The subject of immigration comes along with a number of other debates that is indispensable when discussing the subject. The issue, no matter the stance is a different discussion altogether. Immigration is considered as the secondary reason for a nation’s increase in the population other than natural means. But the question on the other hand of the diversity in the development of adolescents belonging to this background is a concern that is not tackled as explicitly. The importance of understanding how they adapt and develop base on their varied personal history creates a necessity for the study thereof. How do the people around them respond to the different needs they require? In the same way that the query of how do these adolescents interact and differ from those who are around them, both in the question of their relations with peers and others, vary? Studies such as ‘Beyond the Family: Contexts of Immigrant Children's Development, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development’ edited by Hirokazu Yoshikawa. Charles A. Ellwood’s ‘Sociology and Modern Social Problems’ will also be valuable in assessing the inherent sociological diversity at play in an adolescent’s life. Studies on adolescent development and immigration issues that go along with it available on www.cciserver.ums.maine.edu may also prove to be contributory for this research. â€Å"Do Undocumented Students Play by the Rules?† a journal article by Julian Jefferies will also be at hand as it contains information regarding the educational process of immigrant adolescents. Other related literature will also be reviewed for this study.  

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 Essay

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 - Essay Example The relations between Israel and Lebanon have a long history, and vary depending on the historical timeline. To understand the reasons behind the Israeli Invasion to Lebanon in 1982, one needs to highlight the history of the two nations. Before the emergence of First World War, the Ottoman Empire was the ruler of the land that is currently Lebanon and Israel. The empire had a division system over the land, setting up series of sub districts and districts. During this time, Palestine had no administrative or political establishment, and Lebanon was a term that referred to the area between mountains and the Sothern Syria. The boundary between Lebanon and Palestine was the district of Beirut . The Zionists, influential at the time, were silently taking notice of the Lebanon in the early 1900s, especially the southern parts. In 1916, the region’s division into zones by the Sykes-Picot agreement was the first attempt of establishing a border between Palestine and Lebanon. Britain w as controlling the southern part (Palestine), and the French had the other northern half. The Zionist began lobbying for the Liwani River to be part of Palestine, arguing that the viability of the northern side was dependent on the river’s resources.... Later, anti-Zionists Arabs became the dominating political power in the southern Lebanon, and that was the beginning of security issues in the region. After the Second World War, Britain and France were again focusing on the issue of the border between the Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. Some of the lessons the Christians in Lebanon learnt were that the southern part of Lebanon was better off a part of Palestine. This would be an effort to restore Lebanon as a truly Christian nation. The border matter was now in the hands of the UN, but still there was no solution. The result was the development of extremist anti-Zionist Arabs in the southern parts of Lebanon, and the eventual involvement of PLO forces in the border conflicts3. Israel and Lebanon had been having conflicts since the onset of the twentieth century, with Israel directing its effort to have a peaceful North. On the other hand, Lebanon was harbouring terrorists within its boundaries like the Palestinian Liberation Organizat ion (PLO), down playing Israel’s efforts. The PLO terrorists began infiltrating Israel in the late 1970s, and spread terror to the non-enthusiast civilians against them. Around March 1978, the terrorists from the organization kidnapped and killed an American tourist in one of Israel’s beach, and proceeded to hijack an Israeli civilian bus. On interception of the bus by Israeli police force, the terrorists began firing on the police. Among the passengers in the bus, 34 Israeli civilians lost their lives in the attack, leading to more severe damage of the relations between the two countries. Responding to the attacks, the Israeli force invaded Lebanon destroying terrorist bases near its borders in the southern parts of the nation. After two months